《英语的思维导图九年级》

I. 语法结构 (Grammar Structures)

A. 时态 (Tenses)

• 1. 一般现在时 (Present Simple):

  • 习惯性动作 (Habitual actions): I usually go to school by bus.
  • 客观事实 (Facts): The Earth revolves around the Sun.
  • 状态 (States): He is a doctor.
  • 信号词 (Signal Words): always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day/week/month/year

• 2. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous):

  • 正在发生的动作 (Actions happening now): They are playing basketball at the moment.
  • 临时的动作 (Temporary actions): I am staying at a hotel this week.
  • 信号词 (Signal Words): now, at the moment, these days, today

• 3. 一般过去时 (Past Simple):

  • 过去发生的动作 (Completed actions in the past): I visited the museum last weekend.
  • 过去的习惯 (Past habits): He used to smoke cigarettes.
  • 信号词 (Signal Words): yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2000

• 4. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous):

  • 过去某一时间正在发生的动作 (Actions in progress at a specific time in the past): I was watching TV when the phone rang.
  • 描述过去场景的背景 (Background descriptions of past scenes): The sun was shining, and birds were singing.
  • 信号词 (Signal Words): while, as, when (often paired with Past Simple)

• 5. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect):

  • 过去发生，但对现在有影响的动作 (Actions completed in the past with present relevance): I have lost my keys (and I can't find them now).
  • 经历 (Experiences): Have you ever been to China?
  • 未完成的时间段 (Unfinished time periods): I haven't seen him today.
  • 信号词 (Signal Words): just, already, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far, lately, recently

• 6. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect):

  • 在过去某个时间之前发生的动作 (Actions completed before a specific time in the past): I had finished my homework before my friends arrived.
  • 用于描述一个过去事件的原因 (Reason for a past event): He was tired because he had stayed up late.
  • 信号词 (Signal Words): before, after, by the time, when (often paired with Past Simple)

• 7. 将来时 (Future Tense):

  • Will + verb (简单的将来预测): It will rain tomorrow.
  • Be going to + verb (计划好的将来): I am going to visit my grandparents next weekend.
  • Present Continuous (计划好的将来，通常涉及具体的安排): I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

B. 从句 (Clauses)

• 1. 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses):

  • 主语从句 (Subject clauses): What he said is true.
  • 宾语从句 (Object clauses): I don't know what he said.
  • 表语从句 (Predicate clauses): The problem is that he doesn't listen.
  • 同位语从句 (Appositive clauses): The news that he won the lottery is exciting.

• 2. 定语从句 (Adjective Clauses):

  • 关系代词 (Relative pronouns): who, whom, which, that, whose
  • 关系副词 (Relative adverbs): where, when, why
  • 限制性定语从句 (Defining/Restrictive clauses): The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister. (Essential information)
  • 非限制性定语从句 (Non-defining/Non-restrictive clauses): My sister, who is wearing a red dress, is coming over. (Additional information, set off by commas)

• 3. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses):

  • 时间状语从句 (Time clauses): when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as
  • 原因状语从句 (Reason clauses): because, as, since
  • 条件状语从句 (Condition clauses): if, unless, as long as, provided that
  • 让步状语从句 (Concession clauses): although, though, even though, even if
  • 目的状语从句 (Purpose clauses): so that, in order that
  • 结果状语从句 (Result clauses): so...that, such...that

C. 非谓语动词 (Non-finite Verbs)

• 1. 动词不定式 (Infinitive): to + verb

  • 作主语 (Subject): To learn English is important.
  • 作宾语 (Object): I want to learn English.
  • 作表语 (Predicate): My dream is to travel the world.
  • 作定语 (Adjective): I have a book to read.
  • 作状语 (Adverb): I went to the store to buy milk.

• 2. 动名词 (Gerund): verb + -ing

  • 作主语 (Subject): Swimming is my favorite sport.
  • 作宾语 (Object): I enjoy reading books.
  • 作表语 (Predicate): My hobby is painting.
  • 介词后 (After prepositions): I am interested in learning about history.

• 3. 分词 (Participle):

  • 现在分词 (Present participle): verb + -ing (主动语态，正在进行)
  • 过去分词 (Past participle): verb (past participle form) (被动语态，已经完成)
  • 作定语 (Adjective): The running man is my brother. The broken window needs to be repaired.
  • 作状语 (Adverb): Hearing the news, I was surprised. Driven by hunger, he stole the bread.

D. 被动语态 (Passive Voice)

• Be + past participle
• 强调动作的承受者 (Emphasis on the receiver of the action): The cake was eaten by the children.
• 当施动者未知或不重要时 (When the actor is unknown or unimportant): The letter was delivered yesterday.

II. 词汇 (Vocabulary)

A. 主题词汇 (Topic Vocabulary)

• 环境 (Environment): pollution, deforestation, recycling, renewable energy
• 科技 (Technology): internet, artificial intelligence, social media, virtual reality
• 健康 (Health): diet, exercise, mental health, disease prevention
• 教育 (Education): curriculum, online learning, academic achievement, critical thinking
• 文化 (Culture): traditions, customs, festivals, art, music

B. 高频词汇 (High-Frequency Vocabulary)

• 动词 (Verbs): improve, develop, achieve, consider, analyze, influence
• 名词 (Nouns): impact, effect, significance, challenge, opportunity, solution
• 形容词 (Adjectives): significant, crucial, essential, relevant, effective, beneficial
• 副词 (Adverbs): increasingly, significantly, effectively, frequently, recently, particularly

III. 阅读理解 (Reading Comprehension)

A. 阅读技巧 (Reading Skills)

• 略读 (Skimming): 快速浏览以获取文章大意 (Quickly scan for the main idea)
• 扫读 (Scanning): 快速查找特定信息 (Quickly search for specific information)
• 查找关键词 (Finding keywords): Identify important words and phrases.
• 理解上下文 (Understanding context): Use surrounding sentences to understand unfamiliar words.
• 推断 (Inference): Draw conclusions based on information presented.

B. 阅读题型 (Reading Question Types)

• 主旨题 (Main Idea): What is the central theme of the passage?
• 细节题 (Detail): According to the passage, what...?
• 推断题 (Inference): What can be inferred from the passage?
• 词义题 (Vocabulary): What is the meaning of the word "..." in this context?
• 观点态度题 (Author's Attitude): What is the author's opinion about...?

IV. 写作 (Writing)

A. 写作类型 (Writing Genres)

• 议论文 (Argumentative Essays): state an opinion and support it with evidence.
• 说明文 (Expository Essays): explain a topic with facts and details.
• 叙述文 (Narrative Essays): tell a story with characters, setting, and plot.
• 记叙文 (Descriptive Essays): describe a person, place, or thing using vivid details.
• 应用文 (Practical writing): letter, email, report

B. 写作技巧 (Writing Skills)

• 头脑风暴 (Brainstorming): Generate ideas before writing.
• 列提纲 (Outlining): Organize your thoughts into a logical structure.
• 使用连接词 (Using transition words): However, therefore, furthermore, in addition
• 开头和结尾 (Effective introductions and conclusions): Grab the reader's attention and summarize your main points.
• 校对和修改 (Proofreading and editing): Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

V. 口语 (Speaking)

A. 口语练习 (Speaking Practice)

• 角色扮演 (Role-playing): Practice dialogues in different situations.
• 小组讨论 (Group discussions): Share ideas and opinions with classmates.
• 演讲 (Presentations): Prepare and deliver short speeches.
• 描述图片 (Describing pictures): Practice using descriptive language.
• 复述故事 (Retelling stories): Improve fluency and comprehension.

B. 常用表达 (Useful Expressions)

• 表达同意 (Expressing agreement): I agree with you. That's a good point. Absolutely.
• 表达不同意 (Expressing disagreement): I don't agree with you. I see your point, but...
• 提问 (Asking questions): Could you explain that again? What do you mean by...?
• 表达观点 (Expressing opinions): In my opinion... I think that... I believe that...
• 请求帮助 (Asking for help): Could you help me with this? I don't understand.