药学英语思维导图
药学英语思维导图
I. 药理学 (Pharmacology)
A. 药效学 (Pharmacodynamics)
- 1. 药物作用机制 (Mechanism of Action, MOA)
- 受体 (Receptors)
- 类型 (Types: GPCRs, Ion Channels, Enzyme-linked, Nuclear)
- 配体 (Ligands: Agonist, Antagonist, Partial Agonist, Inverse Agonist)
- 亲和力 (Affinity, Kd)
- 效价 (Efficacy)
- 信号转导 (Signal Transduction Pathways: cAMP, IP3, DAG, MAPK)
- 酶 (Enzymes)
- 抑制剂 (Inhibitors: Competitive, Non-competitive, Uncompetitive)
- 底物 (Substrates)
- 辅酶 (Cofactors)
- 离子通道 (Ion Channels)
- 电压门控 (Voltage-gated)
- 配体门控 (Ligand-gated)
- 机械门控 (Mechanically-gated)
- 转运蛋白 (Transporters)
- 主动转运 (Active Transport)
- 被动转运 (Passive Transport)
- 易化扩散 (Facilitated Diffusion)
- DNA
- 烷化剂 (Alkylating Agents)
- 插入剂 (Intercalating Agents)
- 2. 量效关系 (Dose-Response Relationship)
- 剂量 (Dose)
- 效应 (Effect)
- EC50 (半数有效浓度, Half maximal effective concentration)
- Emax (最大效应, Maximum effect)
- 治疗指数 (Therapeutic Index, TI)
- 安全范围 (Safety Margin)
- 3. 药物相互作用 (Drug Interactions)
- 协同作用 (Synergism)
- 拮抗作用 (Antagonism)
- 药效学相互作用 (Pharmacodynamic Interactions)
- 药动学相互作用 (Pharmacokinetic Interactions)
B. 药动学 (Pharmacokinetics)
- 1. 吸收 (Absorption)
- 途径 (Routes of Administration: Oral, IV, IM, SC, Topical, Inhalation)
- 生物利用度 (Bioavailability, F)
- 首关效应 (First-Pass Effect)
- 影响因素 (Factors Affecting Absorption: pH, Blood Flow, Surface Area, Gastric Emptying)
- 2. 分布 (Distribution)
- 血浆蛋白结合 (Plasma Protein Binding)
- 组织渗透 (Tissue Penetration)
- 血脑屏障 (Blood-Brain Barrier, BBB)
- 分布容积 (Volume of Distribution, Vd)
- 3. 代谢 (Metabolism)
- 肝脏 (Liver: CYP450 Enzymes)
- Phase I Reaction (氧化, 还原, 水解)
- Phase II Reaction (结合反应: Glucuronidation, Sulfation, Acetylation, Glutathione Conjugation)
- 前药 (Prodrug)
- 4. 排泄 (Excretion)
- 肾脏 (Kidney: Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Secretion, Tubular Reabsorption)
- 胆汁 (Bile)
- 粪便 (Feces)
- 肺 (Lungs)
- 5. 药动学参数 (Pharmacokinetic Parameters)
- 半衰期 (Half-life, t1/2)
- 清除率 (Clearance, CL)
- AUC (药时曲线下面积, Area Under the Curve)
- 稳态浓度 (Steady-State Concentration, Css)
II. 药物化学 (Medicinal Chemistry)
A. 药物设计 (Drug Design)
- 1. 先导化合物 (Lead Compound)
- 来源 (Sources: Natural Products, Screening, Serendipity)
- 结构优化 (Structure-Activity Relationship, SAR)
- 2. 结构修饰 (Molecular Modification)
- 生物电子等排 (Bioisosteres)
- 前药设计 (Prodrug Design)
- 药物靶向 (Drug Targeting)
- 3. 计算机辅助药物设计 (Computer-Aided Drug Design, CADD)
- 分子对接 (Molecular Docking)
- 分子动力学模拟 (Molecular Dynamics Simulation)
- 定量构效关系 (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, QSAR)
B. 药物合成 (Drug Synthesis)
- 1. 有机合成反应 (Organic Reactions)
- 取代反应 (Substitution Reactions)
- 加成反应 (Addition Reactions)
- 消除反应 (Elimination Reactions)
- 重排反应 (Rearrangement Reactions)
- 2. 药物中间体 (Drug Intermediates)
- 3. 手性药物 (Chiral Drugs)
- 对映异构体 (Enantiomers)
- 非对映异构体 (Diastereomers)
- 外消旋体 (Racemates)
- 拆分方法 (Resolution Methods)
III. 药物分析学 (Pharmaceutical Analysis)
A. 定性分析 (Qualitative Analysis)
- 1. 鉴别试验 (Identification Tests)
- 光谱法 (Spectroscopy: UV-Vis, IR, NMR, MS)
- 色谱法 (Chromatography: TLC, HPLC, GC)
- 化学反应 (Chemical Reactions)
B. 定量分析 (Quantitative Analysis)
- 1. 容量分析 (Volumetric Analysis)
- 酸碱滴定 (Acid-Base Titration)
- 氧化还原滴定 (Redox Titration)
- 络合滴定 (Complexometric Titration)
- 2. 重量分析 (Gravimetric Analysis)
- 3. 仪器分析 (Instrumental Analysis)
- 光谱法 (Spectrophotometry)
- 色谱法 (Chromatography)
- 高效液相色谱 (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC)
- 气相色谱 (Gas Chromatography, GC)
- 质谱法 (Mass Spectrometry, MS)
IV. 药剂学 (Pharmaceutics)
A. 制剂设计 (Dosage Form Design)
- 1. 剂型 (Dosage Forms)
- 固体 (Solid: Tablets, Capsules, Powders)
- 液体 (Liquid: Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions)
- 半固体 (Semi-solid: Ointments, Creams, Gels)
- 注射剂 (Injectables)
- 吸入剂 (Inhalations)
- 透皮给药系统 (Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems, TDDS)
- 2. 辅料 (Excipients)
- 稀释剂 (Diluents)
- 粘合剂 (Binders)
- 崩解剂 (Disintegrants)
- 润滑剂 (Lubricants)
- 着色剂 (Coloring Agents)
- 矫味剂 (Flavoring Agents)
- 防腐剂 (Preservatives)
B. 制备工艺 (Manufacturing Process)
- 1. 混合 (Mixing)
- 2. 制粒 (Granulation)
- 3. 压片 (Tableting)
- 4. 胶囊填充 (Capsule Filling)
- 5. 无菌制剂 (Sterile Preparations)
- 灭菌方法 (Sterilization Methods: Autoclaving, Filtration)
C. 质量控制 (Quality Control)
- 1. 溶出度 (Dissolution)
- 2. 崩解时限 (Disintegration Time)
- 3. 硬度 (Hardness)
- 4. 脆碎度 (Friability)
- 5. 含水量 (Water Content)
- 6. 无菌检查 (Sterility Testing)
- 7. 稳定性 (Stability)
- 加速试验 (Accelerated Stability Testing)
V. 临床药学 (Clinical Pharmacy)
A. 药物治疗管理 (Medication Therapy Management, MTM)
- 1. 病例回顾 (Medication Review)
- 2. 药物治疗方案 (Medication-Related Action Plan)
- 3. 干预与转诊 (Intervention and Referral)
- 4. 文档记录 (Documentation)
- 5. 患者咨询 (Patient Counseling)
B. 药物不良反应 (Adverse Drug Reactions, ADRs)
- 1. 类型 (Types: A, B, C, D, E)
- 2. 监测 (Monitoring)
- 3. 报告 (Reporting)
C. 特殊人群用药 (Special Populations)
- 1. 儿科 (Pediatrics)
- 2. 老年人 (Geriatrics)
- 3. 妊娠期 (Pregnancy)
- 4. 哺乳期 (Lactation)
- 5. 肾功能不全 (Renal Impairment)
- 6. 肝功能不全 (Hepatic Impairment)
VI. 药物警戒 (Pharmacovigilance)
- 1. 不良事件报告 (Adverse Event Reporting)
- 2. 信号检测 (Signal Detection)
- 3. 风险评估 (Risk Assessment)
- 4. 风险管理 (Risk Management)
