英语后缀思维导图

英语后缀 (English Suffixes)

一、 按词性分类 (Classified by Part of Speech)

1. 名词后缀 (Noun Suffixes)

• 表示动作、状态、结果 (Indicating action, state, result)
  • -tion/-sion: information, action, education, decision, tension, confusion
  • -ment: government, development, achievement, argument, agreement
  • -ness: happiness, kindness, darkness, politeness, seriousness
  • -ity/-ty: possibility, curiosity, creativity, safety, loyalty, cruelty
  • -ance/-ence: importance, difference, independence, obedience, resistance
  • -age: marriage, passage, advantage, shortage, courage
  • -ure: pleasure, failure, pressure, nature, leisure
  • -th: strength, length, width, depth, truth (often forming abstract nouns from adjectives/verbs)
• 表示人物或职业 (Indicating people or professions)
  • -er/-or: teacher, doctor, writer, actor, inventor, sailor (often from verbs)
  • -ist: artist, scientist, journalist, psychologist, socialist (often indicating a person who practices or believes in something)
  • -ee: employee, refugee, trainee, interviewee (indicating the receiver of an action)
  • -eer: engineer, pioneer, volunteer (often related to specific fields)
• 表示主义、体系、状态 (Indicating doctrine, system, state)
  • -ism: socialism, feminism, criticism, optimism, realism
• 表示集合、团体 (Indicating collection, group)
  • -ry: machinery, cavalry, pottery (can also indicate place or state)
  • -hood: childhood, neighborhood, brotherhood, statehood (indicating a state, period, or group)
  • -ship: friendship, leadership, relationship, scholarship, membership (indicating state, condition, skill, or group)
• 其他常见的名词后缀 (Other common noun suffixes)
  • -y: discovery, inquiry, delivery (often related to action/result, can also be adj)
  • -al: arrival, refusal, survival (from verbs, indicating action/result)

2. 形容词后缀 (Adjective Suffixes)

• 表示“充满…”或“具有…特征” (Indicating "full of..." or "characterized by...")
  • -ful: beautiful, helpful, careful, successful, meaningful
  • -ous/-eous/-ious: dangerous, famous, curious, spacious, serious, victorious
  • -y: sunny, happy, dirty, wealthy, rocky, easy (often from nouns, indicating "like" or "full of")
  • -ish: childish, selfish, reddish, foolish, British (indicating "like", "somewhat", or nationality)
• 表示“没有…” (Indicating "without...")
  • -less: fearless, useless, careless, helpless, endless
• 表示“能够…”或“值得…” (Indicating "able to be..." or "worthy of...")
  • -able/-ible: comfortable, readable, enjoyable, visible, incredible, terrible (from verbs, indicates capability or suitability)
• 其他常见的形容词后缀 (Other common adjective suffixes)
  • -ive: creative, active, expensive, attractive, decisive (often from verbs, indicates tendency or quality)
  • -al/-ial: natural, political, essential, social, industrial (often from nouns, indicates "relating to")
  • -ic/-ical: economic, historical, logical, critical, electric, artistic (often from nouns, indicates "relating to" or "characteristic of")
  • -ant/-ent: important, dependent, different, excellent, confident (often from verbs, indicates quality or state)
  • -ary: primary, secondary, necessary, ordinary (indicates "relating to")
  • -esque: picturesque, statuesque (indicating "in the style of")
  • -some: handsome, troublesome, awesome (indicating "causing" or "tending to")
  • -en: golden, wooden, silken (from nouns, indicates material)

3. 动词后缀 (Verb Suffixes)

• 使动词化 (Making something a verb)
  • -ify: clarify, simplify, beautify, electrify, justify (meaning "to make or become")
  • -ize/-ise: realize, modernize, apologize, organize, globalize (meaning "to make or become") (Note: -ize is common in US English, -ise in British English)
  • -en: widen, shorten, deepen, strengthen, flatten (from adjectives, meaning "to make or become")

4. 副词后缀 (Adverb Suffixes)

• -ly: quickly, slowly, happily, easily, carefully, generally (usually from adjectives, meaning "in a ... manner")
  • Note: Some words ending in -ly are adjectives (e.g., friendly, lovely, scholarly). Some adverbs do not end in -ly (e.g., fast, hard, well).
• -ward/-wards: homeward, eastward, backward, forward (indicating direction)

二、 具有多种词性功能的后缀 (Suffixes with Multiple Part of Speech Functions)

• -ing:
  • 作动名词 (as gerund, Noun): Swimming is fun. Reading helps you learn. (动作本身作为名词)
  • 作现在分词 (as present participle, Adjective): an interesting book, a charming smile, boiling water (修饰名词)
  • 用于进行时态 (used in progressive tenses, Verb): He is reading. They were playing. (构成动词的一部分)
• -ed:
  • 作形容词 (as adjective, past participle): a broken chair, interested in English, a crowded street (修饰名词)
  • 用于过去式和过去分词 (used for past tense and past participle, Verb): He finished the work. The work was finished. (构成动词的一部分)

三、 后缀的作用和学习技巧 (Role of Suffixes and Learning Tips)

1. 作用 (Role)

• 帮助猜测词义 (Helps guess word meaning): Knowing the meaning of common suffixes can provide clues about the word's overall meaning (e.g., -less usually means "without").
• 帮助判断词性 (Helps identify part of speech): Suffixes are strong indicators of whether a word is a noun, adjective, verb, or adverb. This is crucial for grammar and sentence structure.
• 扩大词汇量 (Expands vocabulary): By learning suffixes, you can often understand or form new words from known root words.
• 影响发音和重音 (Affects pronunciation and stress): Adding a suffix can sometimes change the pronunciation and primary stress of the base word (e.g., photo vs. photographer, electric vs. electricity).

2. 学习技巧 (Learning Tips)

• 分组学习 (Learn in groups): Focus on suffixes that form a specific part of speech or share a similar meaning.
• 结合词根和前缀一起学 (Learn with roots and prefixes): Understanding affixes (prefixes and suffixes) and roots together is the most powerful way to build vocabulary.
• 通过例词记忆 (Memorize through examples): Don't just memorize the suffix and its meaning; learn several common examples for each suffix.
• 注意拼写变化 (Pay attention to spelling changes): Adding suffixes often causes spelling changes in the base word (e.g., dropping silent 'e' before a vowel suffix: create + -ive -> creative; changing 'y' to 'i': happy + -ness -> happiness; doubling consonants: run + -ing -> running).
• 不是所有词尾都来自后缀 (Not all word endings are suffixes): Be aware that some words might end in letters that resemble suffixes but are part of the original word (e.g., nation has -tion, but station's -tion is part of the root; friendly ends in -ly but is an adjective).
• 多练习和应用 (Practice and apply): Actively try to identify suffixes when reading and use words with suffixes when writing or speaking.

四、 注意事项 (Notes)

• 后缀通常改变词的词性 (Suffixes often change the part of speech of a word).
• 同一个后缀可能有多种含义或功能，需要结合语境判断 (The same suffix may have multiple meanings or functions; judge based on context).
• 有些后缀不改变词性，只改变词义强度或细微差别 (Some suffixes do not change the part of speech but modify the meaning or nuance).
• 区分后缀与词本身的部分 (Distinguish suffixes from parts of the original word).