语态时态思维导图
语态时态思维导图
中心主题:英语动词的语态与时态
I. 语态 (Voice)
A. 主动语态 (Active Voice)
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- 定义:主语是动作的执行者
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- 特点:
- a. 强调主语的动作
- b. 常用结构:S + V + O (主语 + 动词 + 宾语)
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- 适用场景:
- a. 突出动作的执行者
- b. 简洁明了,易于理解
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- 例子:
- a. The dog chased the cat. (狗追猫)
- b. She wrote a letter. (她写了一封信)
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- 变化形式:
- a. 可与各种时态结合使用
B. 被动语态 (Passive Voice)
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- 定义:主语是动作的承受者
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- 特点:
- a. 强调动作本身或动作的承受者
- b. 常用结构:S + be + V-ed/V3 (+ by + O) (主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 + (by + 施动者))
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- 适用场景:
- a. 强调动作的承受者
- b. 不知道或不重要动作的执行者
- c. 避免提及动作的执行者
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- 例子:
- a. The cat was chased by the dog. (猫被狗追)
- b. The letter was written by her. (信被她写了)
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- 变换规则:
- a. 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
- b. 主动语态的谓语动词变为“be + 过去分词”
- c. 主动语态的主语变为“by + 宾语”,可以省略
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- 注意事项:
- a. 不及物动词没有被动语态
- b. 系动词没有被动语态
- c. 双宾语的句子可以有两种被动语态,通常把间接宾语变成主语
II. 时态 (Tense)
A. 一般现在时 (Simple Present)
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- 形式:动词原形 (第三人称单数:动词 + s/es)
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- 用途:
- a. 习惯性动作:He drinks coffee every morning.
- b. 普遍真理:The sun rises in the east.
- c. 现在状态:I am a student.
- d. 计划好的将来:The train leaves at 6 pm.
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- 时间状语:usually, always, often, sometimes, never, every day/week/month/year, on Mondays, etc.
B. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
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- 形式:be + doing
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- 用途:
- a. 现在正在发生的动作:I am watching TV now.
- b. 临时性活动:She is living in London for a few months.
- c. 计划好的将来 (表达强烈意图):We are going to the beach tomorrow.
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- 时间状语:now, at the moment, these days, today, tonight, etc.
C. 一般过去时 (Simple Past)
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- 形式:动词过去式 (规则动词:动词 + ed;不规则动词:查表)
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- 用途:
- a. 过去发生的动作:I saw a movie yesterday.
- b. 过去习惯性动作:He used to smoke.
- c. 过去的状态:I was a student.
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- 时间状语:yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2000, etc.
D. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
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- 形式:was/were + doing
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- 用途:
- a. 过去某一时刻正在发生的动作:I was watching TV at 8 pm yesterday.
- b. 过去正在发生的动作被另一个动作打断:I was walking home when I met her.
- c. 描述过去一段时间内正在发生的动作:He was studying all day yesterday.
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- 时间状语:at 8 pm yesterday, while, when, as, etc.
E. 一般将来时 (Simple Future)
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- 形式:will + do / be going to + do
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- 用途:
- a. 将来发生的动作:I will go to the cinema tomorrow.
- b. 计划或打算做的事情:I am going to travel to Europe next year.
- c. 表达预测:It will rain tomorrow.
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- 时间状语:tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, soon, etc.
F. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
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- 形式:will be + doing
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- 用途:
- a. 将来某一时刻正在发生的动作:I will be watching TV at 8 pm tomorrow.
- b. 描述将来一段时间内正在发生的动作:He will be studying all day tomorrow.
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- 时间状语:at 8 pm tomorrow, all day tomorrow, etc.
G. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
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- 形式:have/has + done
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- 用途:
- a. 过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响:I have lost my keys.
- b. 过去发生的动作,持续到现在:I have lived here for 10 years.
- c. 发生在过去的经验:I have never been to Japan.
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- 时间状语:just, already, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far, lately, recently, etc.
H. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
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- 形式:had + done
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- 用途:
- a. 发生在过去某一时间之前的动作:I had finished my homework before I went to bed.
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- 时间状语:before, after, by the time, when, etc.
I. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)
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- 形式:have/has been + doing
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- 用途:
- a. 强调过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,并且可能还会继续:I have been studying English for 5 years.
J. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)
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- 形式:had been + doing
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- 用途:
- a. 强调在过去某个时间点之前已经开始并持续了一段时间的动作:He had been working for the company for 10 years before he retired.
III. 语态与时态的结合
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- 各种时态都可以有主动语态和被动语态形式。
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- 例如:
- a. 一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are + done
- b. 一般过去时的被动语态:was/were + done
- c. 一般将来时的被动语态:will be + done
- d. 现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been + done
- e. 过去完成时的被动语态:had been + done
- f. 现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are being + done (较少使用)