《英语定语从句思维导图》
1. 定义与功能 (Definition & Function)
1.1 定义 (Definition)
定语从句 (Relative Clause / Adjective Clause) 是一种从句,其作用类似于形容词,用来修饰名词或代词(称为先行词, Antecedent)。它通常紧跟在先行词之后,提供关于先行词的更多信息。
1.2 功能 (Function)
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修饰限定 (Modification & Qualification): 对先行词进行修饰、解释、说明或限定,使其含义更具体、清晰。
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识别确认 (Identification): 在限定性定语从句中,帮助识别或确认先行词所指代的特定人或物。
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补充信息 (Additional Information): 在非限定性定语从句中,提供关于先行词的额外、非必要的信息。
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示例:*
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The book **that is on the table** is mine.(修饰The book,指出是哪一本) -
He is the man **whom I met yesterday**.(修饰the man,识别是哪个男人) -
My father, **who is a retired engineer**, enjoys gardening.(补充说明My father的信息)
2. 构成要素 (Components)
2.1 先行词 (Antecedent)
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。它可以是人、物、地点、时间、原因等。
2.2 关系词 (Relative Word)
引导定语从句并将从句与先行词连接起来的词。关系词在从句中担当一定的句子成分(如主语、宾语、定语、状语)。主要分为关系代词和关系副词。
2.3 从句部分 (Clause Part)
关系词之后的部分,包含谓语动词,有时也包含主语(如果关系词不是主语的话),构成一个完整的或不完整的句子结构,但依附于主句。
3. 基本类型 (Basic Types)
3.1 限定性定语从句 (Restrictive / Defining Relative Clause)
- 特点 (Characteristics):
- 提供识别先行词所必需的信息,若删除,主句意思会不明确或改变。
- 与先行词关系紧密,中间通常不用逗号隔开。
- 关系代词
that常用于此类从句。 - 关系代词在从句中作宾语时,常可以省略 (尤其在口语和非正式写作中)。
- 示例 (Example):
The student **who answered the question** got full marks.(没有这个从句,不知道是哪个学生)This is the house **(that/which) I want to buy**.(关系代词that/which作宾语可省略)
3.2 非限定性定语从句 (Non-restrictive / Non-defining Relative Clause)
- 特点 (Characteristics):
- 提供关于先行词的附加、非必要信息,先行词本身含义已明确(通常是专有名词、物主代词修饰的名词等)。
- 若删除,主句意思基本保持完整。
- 必须用逗号与主句隔开(前后都有逗号,或前面有逗号,后面是句末句号)。
- 不能使用关系代词
that。 - 关系代词即使在从句中作宾语,通常也不能省略。
- 示例 (Example):
Albert Einstein, **who developed the theory of relativity**, is considered a genius.(先行词Albert Einstein已明确)My favorite book, **which I read last year**, is "Pride and Prejudice".(不能用that,which不可省略)
4. 关系词 (Relative Words)
4.1 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)
4.1.1 指人 (Referring to People)
who: 在从句中作主语 (Subject) 或宾语 (Object - 非正式)。- 作主语:
The woman **who** lives next door is friendly. - 作宾语 (非正式):
The man **who** I saw was Mr. Lee.(正式应用whom)
- 作主语:
whom: 在从句中作宾语 (Object - 正式),尤其在介词后。- 作宾语:
The actor **whom** everyone admires is very talented. - 介词后:
The teacher **to whom** I spoke gave me good advice.
- 作宾语:
whose: 在从句中作定语 (Possessive),表示所属关系,可指人也可指物。- 指人:
She is the artist **whose** paintings are famous worldwide.
- 指人:
4.1.2 指物/概念 (Referring to Things/Concepts)
which: 在从句中作主语 (Subject) 或宾语 (Object)。可用于限定性和非限定性从句。- 作主语:
The phone **which** is ringing is on the desk. - 作宾语:
The report **which** he submitted was excellent. - 非限定性:
This car, **which** cost me a fortune, often breaks down.
- 作主语:
whose: 也可指物,表示“其...的”。- 指物:
A house **whose** roof is leaking needs repair.(等同于a house the roof of which...)
- 指物:
4.1.3 通用 (General - 主要用于限定性从句)
that: 可指人也可指物,在从句中作主语 (Subject) 或宾语 (Object)。只能用于限定性定语从句。- 指人 (作主语):
The girl **that** sings beautifully won the competition.(= who) - 指人 (作宾语):
The people **that** we met were helpful.(= who/whom) - 指物 (作主语):
I lost the watch **that** my father gave me.(= which) - 指物 (作宾语):
The topics **that** they discussed were important.(= which) - 注意:
that不能用于非限定性定语从句,也不能直接跟在介词后面。
- 指人 (作主语):
4.2 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs)
关系副词在从句中作状语,相当于 "介词 + which"。
4.2.1 when (= in/on/at which)
- 先行词通常是表示时间的词 (time, day, year, moment 等)。
- 示例:
I remember the day **when** we first met.(= on which)
4.2.2 where (= in/on/at which)
- 先行词通常是表示地点的词 (place, house, city, area 等)。
- 示例:
This is the park **where** we used to play.(= in which)
4.2.3 why (= for which)
- 先行词通常是
reason。 - 示例:
Tell me the reason **why** you were late.(= for which)
5. 特殊用法与注意事项 (Special Uses & Notes)
5.1 关系词的省略 (Omission of Relative Words)
- 条件: 仅限于限定性定语从句中,当关系代词
who(m),which,that作宾语时。 - 示例:
The film (which/that) we watched last night was boring. - 注意: 作主语的关系代词 (
who,which,that) 不能省略。关系副词when,where,why在非正式场合有时可省略,但有一定限制。
5.2 that 的优先/必须使用场景 (Preferable/Obligatory Use of that)
在限定性定语从句中,以下情况倾向于或必须使用 that (而不是 who 或 which):
- 先行词被最高级 (superlative) 修饰:
This is the **best** movie **that** I've ever seen. - 先行词被序数词 (ordinal number) 修饰:
The **first** step **that** you should take is... - 先行词被
the only,the very,the same,the last修饰:He is **the only** person **that** understands me. - 先行词包含
all,much,little,none,(a)few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing)等不定代词:**All that** glitters is not gold. - 先行词既有人又有物:
Look at the boy and his dog **that** are running in the park. - 主句以
Who,Which开头的疑问句:**Who** is the man **that** is talking to her?
5.3 that 不适用的场景 (Scenarios where that is unsuitable)
- 非限定性定语从句中绝对不用
that。 - 介词直接位于关系词之前时,不用
that,只能用whom(指人) 或which(指物)。- 正确:
The topic **about which** we talked was interesting. - 错误:
The topic about that we talked...(但可以说The topic **that** we talked **about**...)
- 正确:
5.4 介词的位置 (Position of Prepositions)
当关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词可以放在:
- 关系词之前 (较正式):
The person **to whom** I owe money is here./The subject **on which** he wrote is complex. - 从句末尾 (较常见,尤其口语):
The person **who(m)/that** I owe money **to** is here./The subject **which/that** he wrote **on** is complex.(注意:此时可用that或省略关系词,且用who更常见)。
5.5 which 指代整个主句 ( which Referring to the Whole Main Clause)
which可以引导非限定性定语从句,修饰前面整个主句所表达的意思。- 此时
which前必须有逗号。 - 示例:
He failed the exam, **which** was unexpected.(which指代He failed the exam这件事)
5.6 as 和 but 作关系代词 ( as and but as Relative Pronouns)
as: 常用于such...as,the same...as结构中,或引导非限定性从句指代整个主句 (类似which)。He is not **such** a fool **as** he looks.(他不像他看起来那么傻)This is **the same** watch **as** I lost.(这是和我丢的那块一样的表)**As** is known to all, the earth is round.(众所周知,地球是圆的 -as指代后面整句话的内容)
but: 作关系代词时,意为 "who...not" 或 "that...not",带有否定含义,先行词常被否定词修饰。较少见。There is no rule **but** has exceptions.(= that does not have exceptions) (没有无例外的规则)
6. 常见错误 (Common Mistakes)
6.1 关系词混淆 (Mixing up Relative Words)
- 用
which指人 (应为who/whom)。 - 用
who指物 (应为which/that)。 - 在需要
whose表示所属关系时误用who或which。
6.2 逗号使用不当 (Incorrect Comma Usage)
- 在非限定性定语从句前后漏加逗号。
- 在限定性定语从句前误加逗号。
6.3 滥用 that (Overuse/Misuse of that)
- 在非限定性定语从句中使用
that。 - 在介词后直接使用
that。
6.4 关系词冗余或错误省略 (Redundant or Incorrect Omission of Relative Word)
- 在关系词作主语时省略关系词。
- 在非限定性定语从句中省略作宾语的关系词。
- 当先行词在从句中已由其他词(如
it)指代时,仍使用关系词造成结构混乱 (e.g., 错误:The book that I bought it yesterday is good.应改为The book that I bought yesterday is good.)
6.5 从句谓语与先行词数不一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement Issues)
- 当关系代词 (
who,which,that) 作主语时,从句的谓语动词应与其先行词的人称和数保持一致。- 示例:
He is one of the students **who come** from Canada.(先行词是students, 所以用come) - 示例:
He is the only one of the students **who comes** from Canada.(先行词是the only one, 所以用comes)
- 示例:
6.6 结构混乱 (Confusing Structure)
- 定语从句过长或嵌套过多,导致句子难以理解。
- 介词位置放置不当,尤其是在非正式语境中将介词前提。
