water cycle英语思维导图

Definition: Liquid water changes into water vapor (Water molecules gain enough energy to break free from the liquid surface)
Temperature: Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates. (Heat provides the energy needed for water molecules to escape)
Surface Area: Larger surface areas increase evaporation. (More water is exposed to the air)
Humidity: Higher humidity decreases evaporation. (Air is already saturated with water vapor)
Wind Speed: Higher wind speeds increase evaporation. (Removes saturated air and replaces it with drier air)
Factors Affecting:
Oceans: Main source of evaporation. (Vast surface area)
Lakes & Rivers: Contribute significantly. (Freshwater sources)
Soil: Moisture evaporates from the ground. (Especially after rainfall)
Vegetation: Through transpiration (植物蒸腾作用)
Sources:
Significance: Essential for transferring water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere. (Drives the water cycle)
A. Evaporation (蒸发)
Definition: The process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere. (Water moves from roots to leaves and then evaporates through stomata)
Water Uptake: Roots absorb water from the soil. (Water moves up the plant through xylem)
Water Transport: Water travels through the plant's vascular system. (Xylem vessels transport water upwards)
Evaporation: Water evaporates from the leaves through stomata. (Stomata are small pores on the leaf surface)
Mechanism:
Temperature: Higher temperatures increase transpiration rates. (Increases evaporation)
Humidity: Higher humidity decreases transpiration rates. (Reduces the concentration gradient)
Wind Speed: Higher wind speeds increase transpiration rates. (Removes humid air from around the leaves)
Light Intensity: Higher light intensity increases transpiration rates. (Stimulates stomatal opening)
Soil Moisture: Adequate soil moisture is essential for transpiration. (Water must be available for uptake)
Factors Affecting:
Significance: Plays a vital role in the water cycle and plant cooling. (Cools plants and releases water into the atmosphere)
B. Transpiration (蒸腾作用)
Definition: Water vapor changes into liquid water. (Water molecules lose energy and come together)
Cooling: Air cools, causing water vapor to lose energy. (Cooling reduces the kinetic energy of water molecules)
Saturation: Air becomes saturated with water vapor. (Air can hold no more water vapor)
Nucleation: Water vapor condenses onto condensation nuclei. (Dust, pollen, salt particles)
Process:
Clouds: Water vapor condenses to form clouds. (Tiny water droplets or ice crystals)
Fog: Water vapor condenses near the ground. (Similar to clouds, but at ground level)
Dew: Water vapor condenses on surfaces. (When surfaces cool below the dew point)
Frost: Water vapor freezes directly onto surfaces. (When surfaces are below freezing)
Formation:
Significance: Forms clouds, fog, dew, and frost, which are essential for precipitation. (Prepares water for return to the Earth's surface)
C. Condensation (凝结)
Definition: Water falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. (In the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail)
Rain: Liquid water falling from clouds. (Most common form of precipitation)
Snow: Frozen water crystals falling from clouds. (Occurs when temperatures are below freezing)
Sleet: Rain that freezes as it falls through a layer of cold air. (Forms ice pellets)
Hail: Balls of ice that form in thunderstorms. (Updrafts carry water droplets high into the atmosphere where they freeze)
Types:
Cloud Formation: Condensation forms clouds. (Water droplets or ice crystals grow in size)
Collision & Coalescence: Water droplets collide and combine in clouds. (Larger droplets become heavy enough to fall)
Ice Crystal Growth: Ice crystals grow by attracting water vapor. (In colder clouds)
Formation:
Significance: Returns water to the Earth's surface, replenishing water sources. (Provides water for plants, animals, and human use)
D. Precipitation (降水)
Definition: Water that flows over the Earth's surface. (From precipitation, snowmelt, or other sources)
Surface Runoff: Water flows over the land surface. (Occurs when the ground is saturated or impermeable)
Streamflow: Water flows in streams and rivers. (Channels concentrate runoff)
Groundwater Flow: Water infiltrates into the ground and flows underground. (Slowest flow path)
Flow Paths:
Precipitation Intensity: Higher intensity leads to more runoff. (Excess water cannot infiltrate quickly enough)
Slope: Steeper slopes increase runoff. (Water flows faster)
Vegetation: Vegetation reduces runoff. (Intercepts rainfall and slows flow)
Soil Type: Impermeable soils increase runoff. (Water cannot infiltrate)
Land Use: Urban areas increase runoff. (Impermeable surfaces like roads and buildings)
Factors Affecting:
Significance: Transports water and sediments to rivers, lakes, and oceans. (Contributes to erosion and water quality)
E. Runoff (径流)
Definition: Water seeps into the ground. (Water moves from the surface into the soil)
Soil Type: Sandy soils have higher infiltration rates than clay soils. (Larger pores allow water to move more easily)
Soil Moisture: Dry soils have higher infiltration rates than wet soils. (Soil pores are not already filled with water)
Vegetation: Vegetation increases infiltration rates. (Root systems create pathways for water to enter the soil)
Land Use: Compacted soils reduce infiltration rates. (Reduces pore space)
Factors Affecting:
Percolation: Water moves downward through the soil profile. (Driven by gravity)
Aquifers: Water replenishes underground aquifers. (Underground layers of permeable rock or sediment)
Groundwater Recharge:
Significance: Replenishes groundwater supplies and reduces runoff. (Important for water storage and availability)
F. Infiltration (渗透)
I. Processes (主要过程)
Largest Reservoir: Holds the vast majority of Earth's water. (About 97% of all water)
Evaporation Source: Main source of water vapor for the atmosphere. (Constant evaporation occurs)
Water Movement: Ocean currents distribute water around the globe. (Influence climate patterns)
A. Oceans (海洋)
Freshwater Storage: Second largest reservoir, storing significant amounts of freshwater. (Frozen water)
Melting: Contribute to sea level rise and freshwater runoff. (Climate change is accelerating melting)
Seasonal Variation: Melt and refreeze seasonally, affecting water availability. (Important water source in some regions)
B. Ice Caps and Glaciers (冰盖和冰川)
Underground Storage: Water stored in aquifers beneath the Earth's surface. (Replenished by infiltration)
Drinking Water Source: Important source of drinking water for many communities. (Pumped from wells)
Slow Movement: Moves slowly through the ground. (Can take years or centuries to recharge)
C. Groundwater (地下水)
Surface Water: Easily accessible freshwater sources. (Used for drinking, irrigation, and industry)
Runoff Collection: Collect runoff from surrounding land areas. (Channels and storage areas)
Ecosystem Support: Provide habitat for many aquatic organisms. (Essential for biodiversity)
D. Lakes and Rivers (湖泊和河流)
Water Vapor: Contains a relatively small amount of water compared to other reservoirs. (Crucial for precipitation)
Water Transport: Transports water vapor around the globe. (Influenced by wind patterns)
Rapid Turnover: Water vapor cycles through the atmosphere quickly. (Constantly evaporating and precipitating)
E. Atmosphere (大气)
II. Reservoirs (水库/蓄水池)
Reduced Transpiration: Decreases the amount of water vapor released into the atmosphere. (Fewer trees to transpire)
Increased Runoff: Increases surface runoff and erosion. (Loss of vegetation cover)
Altered Local Climate: Can lead to drier conditions and altered precipitation patterns. (Disrupts the water cycle)
A. Deforestation (森林砍伐)
Increased Runoff: Increases surface runoff due to impermeable surfaces. (More paved areas, less infiltration)
Reduced Infiltration: Decreases groundwater recharge. (Less water seeps into the ground)
Pollution: Can lead to water pollution from urban runoff. (Contaminants washed into waterways)
B. Urbanization (城市化)
Increased Evaporation: Higher temperatures lead to increased evaporation. (More water vapor in the atmosphere)
Altered Precipitation Patterns: Changes in precipitation patterns, leading to droughts and floods. (Shifts in weather systems)
Melting Glaciers: Accelerated melting of glaciers, contributing to sea level rise. (Loss of freshwater storage)
Sea Level Rise: Rising sea levels can contaminate freshwater sources and coastal ecosystems. (Saltwater intrusion)
C. Climate Change (气候变化)
Reduced Streamflow: Diverting water for irrigation or other uses can reduce streamflow. (Affects downstream ecosystems)
Altered Ecosystems: Can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and affect water quality. (Changes in water availability and temperature)
Water Scarcity: Can exacerbate water scarcity in already arid regions. (Competition for limited water resources)
D. Water Diversion (水资源转移)
III. Human Impact (人类影响)
Central Idea: Water Cycle
《Water Cycle 英语思维导图》
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