虚拟语气思维导图
《虚拟语气思维导图》
一、定义与概述
1.1 虚拟语气的定义
- 表示说话人所说的话 不是事实，或与事实 相反 的一种语法形式。
- 表达 愿望、假设、建议、命令、推测、遗憾 等非真实情况。
1.2 虚拟语气的用途
- 表达与现在事实相反的假设
- 表达与过去事实相反的假设
- 表达与将来情况相反的假设（不太可能发生的情况）
- 表达愿望、建议、命令、请求等
- 用于某些固定搭配和从句中
二、基本结构与时态
2.1 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
- 条件句 (If-clause):
If + 主语 + 动词过去式 (be 动词用 were)
- 主句 (Main Clause):
主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形
- 例句:
If I were you, I would study harder. (如果我是你，我会更努力学习。)
2.2 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
- 条件句 (If-clause):
If + 主语 + had + 过去分词
- 主句 (Main Clause):
主语 + would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词
- 例句:
If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake. (如果我知道你要来，我就会烤一个蛋糕。)
2.3 与将来情况相反的虚拟语气
- 类型一 (对将来不太可能发生的情况进行假设):
- 条件句 (If-clause):
If + 主语 + 动词过去式 (be 动词用 were)
- 主句 (Main Clause):
主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形
- 例句:
If I were to win the lottery, I would travel the world. (如果我中彩票，我就环游世界。)
- 类型二 (对将来发生可能性极小的情况进行假设):
- 条件句 (If-clause):
If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形 或者 If + 主语 + should + 动词原形
- 主句 (Main Clause):
主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形
- 例句:
If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里。)
三、特殊结构与用法
3.1 省略 If 的情况
- 倒装结构: 将
had, were, should 等助动词提前至句首，省略 if。
Had I known, I would have told you. (如果我早知道，我就会告诉你。)Were I you, I wouldn't do that. (如果我是你，我就不会那么做。)Should it rain, we will cancel the picnic. (如果下雨，我们就取消野餐。)
3.2 含蓄条件句
- 没有明显的
if 条件句，通过上下文或其他词语暗示条件。
Without your help, I wouldn't have succeeded. (没有你的帮助，我不会成功的。) (隐含条件: If you hadn't helped me, I wouldn't have succeeded.)But for your advice, I would have made a mistake. (要不是你的建议，我就会犯错误了。) (隐含条件: If it hadn't been for your advice, I would have made a mistake.)
3.3 wish 的用法
- 表达对现在情况的遗憾:
wish + 主语 + 动词过去式 (be 动词用 were)
I wish I were taller. (我希望我更高。)
- 表达对过去情况的遗憾:
wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词
I wish I had studied harder. (我希望我当时更努力学习。)
- 表达对将来情况的希望 (希望将来有所改变):
wish + 主语 + would/could + 动词原形 (通常表示希望对方改变行为)
I wish you wouldn't smoke so much. (我希望你不要抽那么多烟。)
3.4 as if / as though 的用法
- 表示与事实相反的比较或描述:
She acts as if she were the queen. (她表现得好像她是女王一样。)He talked about Paris as though he had lived there for years. (他谈论巴黎，好像他在那里住了好几年一样。)
3.5 would rather / had better 的用法
- would rather: 表示 "宁愿"，后面跟动词原形。
I would rather stay at home than go out. (我宁愿待在家里也不愿出去。)
- would rather… that… (从句中使用虚拟语气): 表示 "宁愿… (某事发生了，但实际上没有发生或希望没发生)"
I would rather that you hadn't told him the secret. (我宁愿你没有告诉他这个秘密。) (对过去情况的虚拟)
- had better: 表示 "最好"，后面跟动词原形。
You had better go now. (你最好现在走。)
3.6 in case 的用法
- in case + 从句 (使用 should + 动词原形): 表示 "以防万一"，"万一"
Take an umbrella in case it should rain. (带一把伞以防万一下雨。)
3.7 suggest, advise, order, demand, insist, require 等动词的用法
- 这些动词后的 that 从句 中，谓语动词使用
should + 动词原形，should 可以省略。
I suggest that he (should) go to the doctor. (我建议他去看医生。)The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed. (医生命令她卧床休息。)
3.8 it is (was) + 形容词 (important, necessary, essential, etc.) + that 从句
- 在
it is (was) + 形容词 (important, necessary, essential, vital, crucial, imperative, desirable, advisable, urgent, etc.) + that 从句 结构中，that 从句中使用 should + 动词原形，should 可以省略。
It is important that everyone (should) be on time. (重要的是每个人都要准时到达。)It was necessary that he (should) be informed immediately. (有必要立即通知他。)
四、注意事项
- 时态一致性: 主句和从句的时态需要根据所表达的时间进行匹配。
- be 动词: 在虚拟语气中，be 动词通常使用
were (即使主语是单数)。
- 情态动词:
would, should, could, might 的选择需要根据具体的语境和含义来确定。
- 语境理解: 理解虚拟语气的关键在于理解说话人的意图和所表达的非真实情况。
