《英语句子结构思维导图》

一、句子成分

1. 主语 (Subject)

• 定义： 动作的执行者或状态的承担者。
• 类型：
  • 名词 (Noun): The dog barked.
  • 代词 (Pronoun): He is a student.
  • 名词短语 (Noun Phrase): The old man sat on the bench.
  • 动名词 (Gerund): Swimming is my hobby.
  • 不定式 (Infinitive): To learn English is important.
  • 从句 (Clause): What he said is not true.
• 位置： 通常位于句首。

2. 谓语 (Predicate)

• 定义： 说明主语的动作或状态。
• 类型： 动词 (Verb)
  • 实义动词 (Notional Verb): She sings beautifully.
  • 系动词 (Linking Verb): He is happy. (be, become, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound)
  • 助动词 (Auxiliary Verb): I am reading. (be, do, have, will, shall, can, may, must)
  • 情态动词 (Modal Verb): You should study hard. (can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, shall)
• 时态： 决定动作发生的时间 (现在时, 过去时, 将来时, 完成时)。
• 语态： 主动语态 (Active Voice) 和被动语态 (Passive Voice)。

3. 宾语 (Object)

• 定义： 动作的承受者。
• 类型：
  • 名词 (Noun): I like music.
  • 代词 (Pronoun): I saw him.
  • 名词短语 (Noun Phrase): He bought a new car.
  • 动名词 (Gerund): She enjoys reading.
  • 不定式 (Infinitive): They want to travel.
  • 从句 (Clause): I know that he is honest.
• 分类：
  • 直接宾语 (Direct Object): 直接承受动作。
  • 间接宾语 (Indirect Object): 动作的间接受益者 (通常位于直接宾语之前)。 I gave him the book. (him is the indirect object)
• 位置： 通常位于及物动词之后。

4. 表语 (Complement)

• 定义： 说明主语的身份、特征或状态 (与系动词连用)。
• 类型：
  • 名词 (Noun): He is a teacher.
  • 形容词 (Adjective): She is beautiful.
  • 代词 (Pronoun): The winner is you.
  • 数词 (Numeral): One plus one is two.
  • 副词 (Adverb): School is over.
  • 不定式 (Infinitive): My dream is to travel the world.
  • 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase): The book is on the table.
  • 从句 (Clause): The problem is that we don't have enough money.
• 位置： 位于系动词之后。

5. 定语 (Attribute)

• 定义： 修饰名词或代词。
• 类型：
  • 形容词 (Adjective): The beautiful girl is singing.
  • 名词 (Noun): The school library is large.
  • 代词 (Pronoun): His book is interesting.
  • 数词 (Numeral): The first lesson is easy.
  • 分词 (Participle): The broken window needs repair. Running water is clean.
  • 不定式 (Infinitive): I have some work to do.
  • 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase): The book on the table is mine.
  • 从句 (Clause): The man who is wearing a hat is my father.
• 位置： 通常位于被修饰词之前 (前置定语)，介词短语和从句通常位于被修饰词之后 (后置定语)。

6. 状语 (Adverbial)

• 定义： 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度、条件、结果等。
• 类型：
  • 副词 (Adverb): He runs quickly.
  • 介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase): I went to school by bus.
  • 不定式 (Infinitive): He studies hard to pass the exam.
  • 分词短语 (Participial Phrase): Walking down the street, I met a friend.
  • 从句 (Clause): Because it was raining, we stayed at home.
• 分类：
  • 时间状语 (Adverbial of Time): when, where, as soon as, before, after, until, since
  • 地点状语 (Adverbial of Place): in, at, on, to, from, near, by
  • 原因状语 (Adverbial of Reason): because, since, as, for
  • 目的状语 (Adverbial of Purpose): to, in order to, so as to
  • 方式状语 (Adverbial of Manner): carefully, quickly, by, with
  • 程度状语 (Adverbial of Degree): very, quite, too, enough, so
  • 条件状语 (Adverbial of Condition): if, unless, as long as, provided that
  • 结果状语 (Adverbial of Result): so...that, such...that
  • 让步状语 (Adverbial of Concession): although, though, even though, while
• 位置： 比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句尾。

7. 同位语 (Appositive)

• 定义： 对名词或代词进行解释或说明，与其所修饰的成分在语法上地位相同。
• 类型：
  • 名词 (Noun): My friend, John, is a doctor.
  • 名词短语 (Noun Phrase): The capital of China, Beijing, is a large city.
  • 从句 (Clause): The news that he won the lottery surprised everyone.
• 位置： 通常位于被修饰词之后，用逗号隔开。

二、句子类型

1. 简单句 (Simple Sentence)

• 定义： 只有一个主语和一个谓语。
• 结构： S + V (+ O) (+ C) (+ A)
• 例子： The sun rises in the east.

2. 并列句 (Compound Sentence)

• 定义： 由两个或多个简单句组成，之间用并列连词连接。
• 连词： and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet
• 结构： S + V, and/but/or S + V
• 例子： I like coffee, but she likes tea.

3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence)

• 定义： 由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成。
• 从句类型：
  • 名词性从句 (Noun Clause): 充当名词成分 (主语, 宾语, 表语, 同位语)。
    • 引导词：that, whether/if, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how
    • 例子：What he said is important. I know that he is honest.
  • 形容词性从句 (Adjective Clause) / 定语从句: 修饰名词或代词。
    • 引导词：who, whom, which, that, whose, when, where, why
    • 关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose (代替先行词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分)
    • 关系副词：when, where, why (代替先行词，并在从句中充当状语)
    • 例子：The man who is wearing a hat is my father.
  • 副词性从句 (Adverbial Clause) / 状语从句: 充当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
    • 引导词：when, where, because, if, although, as, while, since, until, before, after, so that, as if
    • 例子：Because it was raining, we stayed at home.
• 结构： 主句 + 从句 / 从句 + 主句
• 例子： Although it was raining, we went out.

三、特殊句型

1. 强调句 (Emphatic Sentence)

• 结构： It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 剩余部分
• 例子： It was John who broke the window.

2. 倒装句 (Inverted Sentence)

• 定义： 为了强调或语法需要，将句子的某些成分置于句首。
• 类型：
  • 全部倒装 (Full Inversion): 将整个谓语动词置于主语之前。
    • 例子： Here comes the bus.
  • 部分倒装 (Partial Inversion): 将助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。
    • 例子：Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset. (否定词位于句首)
    • 例子：Only after I finished my homework could I go out. (Only + 状语位于句首)

3. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentence)

• 定义： 表示命令、请求、建议等。
• 结构： 动词原形 + (其他成分)
• 例子： Close the door.

4. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentence)

• 定义： 表示强烈的感情。
• 结构： What + (a/an) + (形容词) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语! / How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
• 例子： What a beautiful day it is! How quickly he runs!