非谓语动词思维导图

# 《非谓语动词思维导图》

## 一、总览

### 1. 定义

*  非谓语动词是在句子中**不作谓语**的动词形式。
   *  仍然保留动词的某些特征，如可以带宾语、状语等。

### 2. 类型

*  **不定式 (Infinitive)**
   *  **动名词 (Gerund)**
   *  **分词 (Participle)**
      *  现在分词 (Present Participle)
      *  过去分词 (Past Participle)

### 3. 功能

*  名词性功能：主语、宾语、表语、同位语
   *  形容词性功能：定语
   *  副词性功能：状语（目的、原因、结果、条件、时间、让步、伴随）

## 二、不定式 (Infinitive)

### 1. 形式

*  **to do**: 一般式
   *  **to be doing**: 进行式
   *  **to have done**: 完成式
   *  **to have been doing**: 完成进行式
   *  **to be done**: 被动式
   *  **to have been done**: 完成被动式
   *  **不带 to 的不定式 (Bare Infinitive)**
      *  情态动词后
      *  感官动词 (see, hear, feel, watch) 后 (主动意义，表示动作全过程)
      *  使役动词 (make, let, have) 后 (主动意义，表示动作全过程)
      *  would rather, had better, had sooner, why not 等固定短语后
      *  help 动词后 (to 可省略)

### 2. 用法

*  **名词性功能**
      *  **主语**
         *  To see is to believe.
         *  It is + adj. + to do… (形式主语)
      *  **宾语**
         *  I want to go home.
         *  agree, decide, hope, plan, wish, refuse 等动词后
         *  宾语补足语 (感官动词/使役动词 + sb + to do/do)
      *  **表语**
         *  My dream is to become a doctor.
      *  **同位语**
         *  The decision to give up was not easy.
   *  **形容词性功能**
      *  **定语**
         *  I have a lot of work to do. (修饰 work)
         *  the first/last/only/next/best + to do
   *  **副词性功能**
      *  **目的状语**
         *  He studies hard to pass the exam. (in order to/so as to)
      *  **结果状语**
         *  He ran too fast to catch up with them. (too…to…)
         *  He is old enough to go to school. (enough to…)
      *  **原因状语**
         *  I'm glad to see you.
      *  **条件状语**
         *  To tell the truth, I don't like him.
      *  **评价状语**
         *  It is silly to do that.
   *  **独立主格结构**
      *  To be frank, I don't agree with you.

### 3. 注意事项

*  省略 to 的情况
   *  不定式作宾补时，注意主谓关系。

## 三、动名词 (Gerund)

### 1. 形式

*  **doing**: 一般式
   *  **being done**: 被动式
   *  **having done**: 完成式
   *  **having been done**: 完成被动式

### 2. 用法

*  **名词性功能**
      *  **主语**
         *  Swimming is my favorite sport.
      *  **宾语**
         *  I enjoy playing football.
         *  admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, practice, suggest 等动词后
         *  介词后 (of, in, on, at, for, by, from, about, with, without 等)
         *  固定短语后 (look forward to, be used to, devote…to, get down to, insist on, succeed in, prevent…from, be busy doing, have difficulty/trouble (in) doing)
      *  **表语**
         *  His hobby is collecting stamps.
      *  **同位语**
         *  The idea of going to the beach sounds great.

### 3. 动名词的逻辑主语

*  物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词
   *  例：I don’t like his smoking here.

### 4. 注意事项

*  区分动名词和现在分词的区别。
   *  某些动词后既可以跟不定式，也可以跟动名词，但含义不同。
      *  remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean 等

## 四、分词 (Participle)

### 1. 现在分词 (Present Participle)

*  **形式**: doing
   *  **含义**: 主动，进行中
   *  **用法**
      *  **形容词性功能**
         *  **定语**
            *  The running water is clear. (前置定语)
            *  The man standing over there is my teacher. (后置定语)
      *  **副词性功能**
         *  **状语**
            *  **时间**: Hearing the news, he jumped up.
            *  **原因**: Being ill, he didn't go to school.
            *  **结果**: He worked hard, making a lot of money.
            *  **伴随**: He sat there, reading a book.
            *  **条件**: Judging from the weather, it will rain soon.
      *  **作表语**
         *  The situation is exciting.
      *  **作宾语补足语**
         *  I saw him running down the street.
   *  **独立主格结构**
      *  The weather being fine, we went for a picnic.

### 2. 过去分词 (Past Participle)

*  **形式**: done
   *  **含义**: 被动，完成
   *  **用法**
      *  **形容词性功能**
         *  **定语**
            *  The broken window has been repaired. (前置定语)
            *  The book written by Mark Twain is interesting. (后置定语)
      *  **副词性功能**
         *  **状语**
            *  **时间**: Once bitten, twice shy.
            *  **原因**: Given more time, I could have done better.
            *  **条件**: Seen from here, the mountain looks beautiful.
            *  **让步**: Though defeated, he didn't give up.
      *  **作表语**
         *  The door is closed.
      *  **作宾语补足语**
         *  I want the work finished by tomorrow.
   *  **独立主格结构**
      *  All things considered, we should accept their offer.

### 3. 注意事项

*  区分现在分词和过去分词，关键看与被修饰词之间的关系 (主动/被动)。
   *  分词作状语时，要注意逻辑主语。
   *  分词短语的位置，以及是否使用逗号分隔。

## 五、总结

理解非谓语动词的关键在于理解其本质，掌握其形式、功能和用法，并注意区分不同类型之间的区别，同时注意与句子其他成分的逻辑关系。 多练习，多积累，才能熟练运用。

《非谓语动词思维导图》

一、总览

1. 定义

非谓语动词是在句子中不作谓语的动词形式。
仍然保留动词的某些特征，如可以带宾语、状语等。

2. 类型

不定式 (Infinitive)
动名词 (Gerund)
分词 (Participle)
- 现在分词 (Present Participle)
- 过去分词 (Past Participle)

3. 功能

名词性功能：主语、宾语、表语、同位语
形容词性功能：定语
副词性功能：状语（目的、原因、结果、条件、时间、让步、伴随）

二、不定式 (Infinitive)

1. 形式

to do: 一般式
to be doing: 进行式
to have done: 完成式
to have been doing: 完成进行式
to be done: 被动式
to have been done: 完成被动式
不带 to 的不定式 (Bare Infinitive)
- 情态动词后
- 感官动词 (see, hear, feel, watch) 后 (主动意义，表示动作全过程)
- 使役动词 (make, let, have) 后 (主动意义，表示动作全过程)
- would rather, had better, had sooner, why not 等固定短语后
- help 动词后 (to 可省略)

2. 用法

名词性功能
- 主语
  - To see is to believe.
  - It is + adj. + to do… (形式主语)
- 宾语
  - I want to go home.
  - agree, decide, hope, plan, wish, refuse 等动词后
  - 宾语补足语 (感官动词/使役动词 + sb + to do/do)
- 表语
  - My dream is to become a doctor.
- 同位语
  - The decision to give up was not easy.
形容词性功能
- 定语
  - I have a lot of work to do. (修饰 work)
  - the first/last/only/next/best + to do
副词性功能
- 目的状语
  - He studies hard to pass the exam. (in order to/so as to)
- 结果状语
  - He ran too fast to catch up with them. (too…to…)
  - He is old enough to go to school. (enough to…)
- 原因状语
  - I'm glad to see you.
- 条件状语
  - To tell the truth, I don't like him.
- 评价状语
  - It is silly to do that.
独立主格结构
- To be frank, I don't agree with you.

3. 注意事项

省略 to 的情况
不定式作宾补时，注意主谓关系。

三、动名词 (Gerund)

1. 形式

doing: 一般式
being done: 被动式
having done: 完成式
having been done: 完成被动式

2. 用法

名词性功能
- 主语
  - Swimming is my favorite sport.
- 宾语
  - I enjoy playing football.
  - admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, practice, suggest 等动词后
  - 介词后 (of, in, on, at, for, by, from, about, with, without 等)
  - 固定短语后 (look forward to, be used to, devote…to, get down to, insist on, succeed in, prevent…from, be busy doing, have difficulty/trouble (in) doing)
- 表语
  - His hobby is collecting stamps.
- 同位语
  - The idea of going to the beach sounds great.

3. 动名词的逻辑主语

物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词
例：I don’t like his smoking here.

4. 注意事项

区分动名词和现在分词的区别。
某些动词后既可以跟不定式，也可以跟动名词，但含义不同。
- remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean 等

四、分词 (Participle)

1. 现在分词 (Present Participle)

形式: doing
含义: 主动，进行中
用法
- 形容词性功能
  - 定语
    - The running water is clear. (前置定语)
    - The man standing over there is my teacher. (后置定语)
- 副词性功能
  - 状语
    - 时间: Hearing the news, he jumped up.
    - 原因: Being ill, he didn't go to school.
    - 结果: He worked hard, making a lot of money.
    - 伴随: He sat there, reading a book.
    - 条件: Judging from the weather, it will rain soon.
- 作表语
  - The situation is exciting.
- 作宾语补足语
  - I saw him running down the street.
独立主格结构
- The weather being fine, we went for a picnic.

2. 过去分词 (Past Participle)

形式: done
含义: 被动，完成
用法
- 形容词性功能
  - 定语
    - The broken window has been repaired. (前置定语)
    - The book written by Mark Twain is interesting. (后置定语)
- 副词性功能
  - 状语
    - 时间: Once bitten, twice shy.
    - 原因: Given more time, I could have done better.
    - 条件: Seen from here, the mountain looks beautiful.
    - 让步: Though defeated, he didn't give up.
- 作表语
  - The door is closed.
- 作宾语补足语
  - I want the work finished by tomorrow.
独立主格结构
- All things considered, we should accept their offer.

3. 注意事项

区分现在分词和过去分词，关键看与被修饰词之间的关系 (主动/被动)。
分词作状语时，要注意逻辑主语。
分词短语的位置，以及是否使用逗号分隔。

五、总结

上一个主题：西游记思维导图下一个主题：政治必修三思维导图

非谓语动词思维导图

《非谓语动词思维导图》

一、总览

1. 定义

2. 类型

3. 功能

二、不定式 (Infinitive)

1. 形式

2. 用法

3. 注意事项

三、动名词 (Gerund)

1. 形式

2. 用法

3. 动名词的逻辑主语

4. 注意事项

四、分词 (Participle)

1. 现在分词 (Present Participle)

2. 过去分词 (Past Participle)

3. 注意事项

五、总结

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