《四年级英语M10的思维导图》

主题: 过去式 - Regular Verbs (规则动词) & Irregular Verbs (不规则动词)

中心主题: Module 10 - Past Tense (过去式)

一、 Regular Verbs (规则动词)

1. 定义:

• 英文：Verbs that form the past tense by adding "-ed" or "-d" to the base form.
• 中文：通过在动词原形后加“-ed”或“-d”来构成过去式的动词。
• 特点：变化规则，易于掌握。

2. 规则详解:

• 一般情况: 直接加 "-ed"。
  • 例：play -> played, walk -> walked, watch -> watched, help -> helped, talk -> talked, clean -> cleaned, paint -> painted, visit -> visited, cook -> cooked
• 以 "e" 结尾: 加 "-d"。
  • 例：live -> lived, like -> liked, move -> moved, bake -> baked, dance -> danced, smile -> smiled, phone -> phoned, close -> closed, type -> typed
• 辅音字母 + "y" 结尾: 变 "y" 为 "i" 再加 "-ed"。
  • 注意：如果 "y" 前面是元音字母，则直接加 "-ed" (如: play -> played)。
  • 例：study -> studied, cry -> cried, try -> tried, worry -> worried, copy -> copied, carry -> carried, marry -> married
• 重读闭音节: 末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加 "-ed"。
  • 条件：重读、闭音节、末尾单个辅音。
  • 例：stop -> stopped, plan -> planned, drop -> dropped, shop -> shopped, hug -> hugged, rub -> rubbed, prefer -> preferred
  • 例外：如果最后一个字母是 'w', 'x', 'y', 或 'z'，则不需要双写。（如：play -> played, fix -> fixed, show-> showed)

3. 发音规则:

• -ed 在清辅音后读 /t/:
  • 例：walked /wɔkt/, helped /helpt/, watched /wɒtʃt/, cooked /kʊkt/, kissed /kɪst/
• -ed 在浊辅音和元音后读 /d/:
  • 例：played /pleɪd/, lived /lɪvd/, cleaned /kliːnd/, studied /ˈstʌdid/, moved /muːvd/, cried /kraɪd/
• -ed 在 /t/ 和 /d/ 后读 /ɪd/:
  • 例：wanted /ˈwɒntɪd/, needed /ˈniːdɪd/, started /ˈstɑːtɪd/, visited /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

4. 练习:

• 给出动词原形，让学生写出过去式。
• 句子填空：使用规则动词的过去式完成句子。
• 口语练习：描述昨天做的事情，使用规则动词。

二、 Irregular Verbs (不规则动词)

1. 定义:

• 英文：Verbs that do not form the past tense by adding "-ed" or "-d". Their past tense forms are different and need to be memorized.
• 中文：不通过加“-ed”或“-d”构成过去式的动词。它们的过去式形式不同，需要记忆。
• 特点：形式多样，需要记忆。

2. 常见不规则动词及其过去式：

• A-A-A 型:
  • cut -> cut
  • hit -> hit
  • hurt -> hurt
  • let -> let
  • put -> put
  • read -> read (发音不同)
• A-B-A 型:
  • come -> came -> come
  • become -> became -> become
  • run -> ran -> run
• A-B-B 型:
  • keep -> kept -> kept
  • sleep -> slept -> slept
  • feel -> felt -> felt
  • meet -> met -> met
  • leave -> left -> left
  • have -> had -> had
  • hear -> heard -> heard
  • say -> said -> said
  • pay -> paid -> paid
  • make -> made -> made
  • find -> found -> found
  • get -> got -> got
  • sit -> sat -> sat
  • shine -> shone -> shone
  • hold -> held -> held
• A-B-C 型:
  • do -> did -> done
  • go -> went -> gone
  • see -> saw -> seen
  • eat -> ate -> eaten
  • take -> took -> taken
  • give -> gave -> given
  • write -> wrote -> written
  • drive -> drove -> driven
  • speak -> spoke -> spoken
  • break -> broke -> broken
  • choose -> chose -> chosen
  • know -> knew -> known
  • grow -> grew -> grown
  • fly -> flew -> flown
  • draw -> drew -> drawn
  • begin -> began -> begun
  • drink -> drank -> drunk
  • ring -> rang -> rung
  • sing -> sang -> sung
  • swim -> swam -> swum
• 其他:
  • be (am/is/are) -> was/were
  • can -> could
  • will -> would
  • shall -> should
  • may -> might
  • buy -> bought
  • teach -> taught
  • think -> thought
  • bring -> brought
  • catch -> caught
  • fight -> fought

3. 记忆方法:

• 分类记忆: 按动词变化类型进行分类记忆。
• 情景记忆: 将动词放入句子或情景中进行记忆。
• 重复练习: 通过大量的练习来加深记忆。
• 歌曲/韵律: 利用歌曲或韵律来帮助记忆。

4. 练习:

• 给出动词原形，让学生写出过去式。
• 句子填空：使用不规则动词的过去式完成句子。
• 选择题：选择正确的过去式形式。
• 口语练习：描述过去发生的事情，使用不规则动词。

三、 Past Tense 用法

1. 描述过去发生的动作或事件：

• 时间状语：yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, two days ago, in 2020, when I was a child, etc.
• 例句：I watched TV yesterday. She visited her grandma last week. They went to the park two days ago.

2. 描述过去的习惯性动作或状态：

• 通常与 "used to" 或 "would" 连用。
• 例句：I used to play football after school. He would read books every night when he was young.

3. 在故事或叙述中使用：

• 用于讲述过去发生的故事或叙述事件。
• 例句：Once upon a time, there lived a beautiful princess...

四、 语法结构

1. 肯定句：

• 主语 + 动词过去式 (+ 其他成分)
• 例：I played basketball yesterday. She ate an apple this morning.

2. 否定句：

• 主语 + did not (didn't) + 动词原形 (+ 其他成分)
• 例：I didn't play basketball yesterday. She didn't eat an apple this morning.

3. 一般疑问句：

• Did + 主语 + 动词原形 (+ 其他成分)?
• 例：Did you play basketball yesterday? Did she eat an apple this morning?
• 肯定回答：Yes, I did. / Yes, she did.
• 否定回答：No, I didn't. / No, she didn't.

4. 特殊疑问句：

• 疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 (+ 其他成分)?
• 例：Where did you go yesterday? What did she eat this morning?

五、 拓展练习

1. 故事续写：

• 给出一个故事的开头，让学生用过去式续写故事。

2. 情景对话：

• 设置一个情景，让学生用过去式进行对话。

3. 写作练习：

• 让学生写一篇关于自己过去经历的文章。

六、 重点词汇复习

• Module 10 的重点词汇列表，包括动词、名词、形容词等。
• 词汇练习：单词拼写、词义解释、词汇运用。

七、 总结

• 回顾 Module 10 的核心内容，强调过去式的概念、规则和用法。
• 鼓励学生多练习，熟练掌握过去式。