《be句式思维导图》
一、 be动词概述
1.1 be动词的种类
- am：用于第一人称单数I
- is：用于第三人称单数he, she, it及单数名词
- are：用于第二人称you及复数名词、代词
1.2 be动词的用法
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系动词： 连接主语和表语，构成主系表结构。
- 表语可以是名词、代词、形容词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词等。
- 例：He is a doctor. (名词)
- 例：This is mine. (代词)
- 例：She is beautiful. (形容词)
- 例：The answer is two. (数词)
- 例：The book is on the table. (介词短语)
- 例：His dream is to be a pilot. (动词不定式)
- 例：Seeing is believing. (动名词)
- 例：The door is broken. (分词)
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助动词： 与现在分词构成现在进行时；与过去分词构成被动语态。
- 现在进行时：主语 + be + V-ing
- 例：They are playing football now.
- 被动语态：主语 + be + 过去分词
- 例：The letter was written by her.
- 现在进行时：主语 + be + V-ing
1.3 be动词的变化
- 肯定式： I am, You are, He/She/It is, We are, You are, They are
- 否定式： I am not, You aren't, He/She/It isn't, We aren't, You aren't, They aren't
- 疑问式： Am I...? Are you...? Is he/she/it...? Are we...? Are you...? Are they...?
- 过去式： was (I, he, she, it), were (you, we, they)
- 过去分词： been
- 现在分词： being
二、 be句式类型
2.1 陈述句
- 肯定陈述句： 主语 + be + 表语
- 例：The sky is blue.
- 否定陈述句： 主语 + be + not + 表语
- 例：The sky is not red.
- There be句型： There is/are + 名词 + 地点/时间状语 (表示存在)
- 例：There is a book on the desk.
- 例：There are many students in the classroom.
2.2 疑问句
- 一般疑问句： Be + 主语 + 表语?
- 回答：Yes, 主语 + be. / No, 主语 + be not.
- 例：Are you a student? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
- 特殊疑问句： 疑问词 + be + 主语 + 表语?
- 例：Who is he? He is my father.
- 例：Where is the book? The book is on the table.
- 反意疑问句： 陈述句 + 疑问尾句? (前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定)
- 例：He is a teacher, isn't he?
- 例：She isn't happy, is she?
2.3 祈使句
- be动词用于祈使句，表示命令、请求或劝告
- Be quiet!
- Be careful!
- Be patient!
三、 be句式中的表语
3.1 名词/代词作表语
- 说明主语的身份、职业、性质等。
- 例：She is a singer.
- 例：This is mine.
3.2 形容词作表语
- 描述主语的特征、状态等。
- 例：The flower is beautiful.
- 例：He is happy.
3.3 数词作表语
- 表示主语的数量、年龄等。
- 例：She is twenty years old.
- 例：The answer is three.
3.4 介词短语作表语
- 表示主语的位置、状态等。
- 例：He is in the classroom.
- 例：The book is on the table.
3.5 动词不定式/动名词作表语
- 说明主语的目的、职责等。
- 例：My dream is to be a doctor.
- 例：Seeing is believing.
3.6 分词作表语
- 表示主语的状态、感受等。
- 例：She is excited. (excited是过去分词)
- 例：The story is interesting. (interesting是现在分词)
四、 特殊be句式
4.1 There be句型
- 表示“有”，后接名词，表示某处存在某物或某人。
- There is/are + 名词 + 地点/时间状语
- 例：There is a cat under the table.
- 例：There are some students in the classroom.
- There be句型的变化：
- 否定句：There isn't/aren't + 名词...
- 一般疑问句：Is/Are there + 名词...?
- 回答：Yes, there is/are. / No, there isn't/aren't.
4.2 It is/was...that/who... 强调句型
- 强调句型的基本结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 剩余部分。
- 被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。
- 强调人时用who，强调物或时间地点等用that。
- 例：It was John who broke the window. (强调主语 John)
- 例：It was yesterday that I met him. (强调时间 yesterday)
- 例：It is this book that I want to read. (强调宾语 this book)
五、 be动词时态
5.1 现在时
- am, is, are
- 表示现在的情况、状态、特征等。
- 例：I am a student.
- 例：He is tall.
- 例：They are happy.
5.2 过去时
- was, were
- 表示过去的情况、状态、特征等。
- 例：I was a student last year.
- 例：He was tall when he was young.
- 例：They were happy yesterday.
5.3 将来时
- will be, is/am/are going to be
- 表示将来的情况、状态、特征等。
- 例：I will be a teacher in the future.
- 例：He is going to be rich.
5.4 完成时
- have/has been
- 表示已经完成的情况、状态、特征等。
- 例：He has been a doctor for ten years.
六、 总结
- be动词是英语学习的基础，掌握其种类、用法和变化至关重要。
- 理解不同的be句式类型，并能够灵活运用。
- 注意be动词的时态变化，根据不同的语境选择合适的时态。
- 掌握特殊be句型，如There be句型和强调句型，能够更好地理解和表达。