时态的思维导图
《时态的思维导图》
一、现在时 (Present Tense)
1. 简单现在时 (Simple Present)
1.1 用法 (Usage)
- 习惯性动作 (Habitual Actions): 经常发生的动作或习惯。
- 例如： I drink coffee every morning.
- 客观事实 (General Truths/Facts): 普遍真理或事实。
- 例如： Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- 状态 (States): 表示状态、感觉、观点等。
- 例如： I believe you.
- 时刻表/时间表 (Schedules/Timetables): 预定的未来事件 (通常是时刻表，例如交通工具)。
- 例如： The train leaves at 6:00 AM.
- 故事梗概/体育解说 (Summaries/Sports Commentaries): 叙述故事内容或进行体育解说。
- 例如： He passes the ball to Messi.
1.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): I/You/We/They + base form of verb; He/She/It + base form of verb + -s/-es
- 否定句 (Negative): I/You/We/They + do not/don't + base form of verb; He/She/It + does not/doesn't + base form of verb
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Do + I/You/We/They + base form of verb?; Does + He/She/It + base form of verb?
1.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day/week/month/year, on Mondays/Tuesdays, etc.
2. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
2.1 用法 (Usage)
- 正在进行的动作 (Actions in Progress): 说话时正在发生的动作。
- 例如： I am studying English now.
- 临时的状态 (Temporary Situations): 短期内存在的状态。
- 例如： He is living in London for a few months.
- 变化中的趋势 (Changing Situations): 描述变化或发展的趋势。
- 例如： The weather is getting colder.
- 未来的计划 (Future Arrangements): 已经安排好的近期未来计划。
- 例如： I am meeting John tomorrow. (确定的安排)
- 令人恼火的习惯 (Annoying Habits): 与 always 连用，表示令人烦恼的习惯 (通常用于抱怨)。
- 例如： He is always complaining.
2.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + am/is/are + not + verb + -ing
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb + -ing?
2.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- now, right now, at the moment, at present, today, these days, still, always (用于抱怨)
3. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
3.1 用法 (Usage)
- 过去发生的动作，对现在有影响 (Actions that started in the past and continue to the present): 动作在过去开始，一直持续到现在，或者对现在产生影响。
- 例如： I have lived here for five years. (现在仍然住在这里)
- 过去发生的动作，结果对现在有影响 (Actions completed at an unspecified time in the past, with results visible now): 动作在过去完成，但结果现在仍然存在。
- 例如： I have lost my key. (现在没钥匙)
- 最近发生的动作，强调结果 (Recently completed actions, emphasizing the result): 强调最近完成的动作。
- 例如： I have just finished my homework.
- 经验 (Experiences): 描述过去的经验。
- 例如： I have been to Paris twice.
- 从过去到现在一直没有做的事 (Actions not done from the past until now):
- 例如：I haven't seen him for ages.
3.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + have/has + past participle
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + have/has + not + past participle
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Have/Has + Subject + past participle?
3.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- just, already, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far, up to now, lately, recently
4. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)
4.1 用法 (Usage)
- 从过去开始，一直持续到现在，强调动作的持续性 (Actions that started in the past and continue to the present, emphasizing the duration): 强调动作持续的时间，通常对现在有影响。
- 例如： I have been studying English for two hours. (仍然在学)
- 强调过去某个动作对现在的影响 (Emphasizing the effect of a past action on the present): 结果是现在可见的。
- 例如： I have been running, that's why I'm so tired.
- 用于描述最近停止的动作，其结果现在依然存在 (Recently stopped actions, with results visible now):
- 例如：It has been raining, the ground is wet.
4.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + have/has + not + been + verb + -ing
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Have/Has + Subject + been + verb + -ing?
4.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- for, since, how long, lately, recently
二、过去时 (Past Tense)
1. 简单过去时 (Simple Past)
1.1 用法 (Usage)
- 过去发生的动作或状态 (Completed actions or states in the past): 动作在过去某个时间发生并结束。
- 例如： I went to the cinema yesterday.
- 过去的习惯性动作 (Past habits): 过去经常发生的动作，现在不再发生。
- 例如： I used to play football when I was younger.
- 过去的一系列动作 (A series of completed actions in the past): 描述过去发生的一连串动作。
- 例如： I woke up, had breakfast, and went to work.
1.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + past form of verb (regular verbs: -ed; irregular verbs: see list)
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + did not/didn't + base form of verb
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Did + Subject + base form of verb?
1.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2000, when, then, at that time
2. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
2.1 用法 (Usage)
- 过去某个时间正在进行的动作 (Actions in progress at a specific time in the past):
- 例如： I was watching TV at 8 pm last night.
- 描述背景情况 (Describing background scenes):
- 例如： The sun was shining and the birds were singing.
- 打断另一个动作的动作 (Interrupted actions):
- 例如： I was walking to school when I met my friend.
- 两个同时发生的动作 (Two actions happening simultaneously):
- 例如： While I was studying, my brother was playing video games.
2.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + was/were + verb + -ing
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + was/were + not + verb + -ing
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Was/Were + Subject + verb + -ing?
2.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- while, as, when, at that time, all day yesterday, all morning
3. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
3.1 用法 (Usage)
- 过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作 (Actions completed before a specific time in the past): 表示一个动作发生在过去另一个动作之前。
- 例如： I had finished my homework before my friends arrived.
- 表示过去期望发生但没有发生的动作 (Unfulfilled actions in the past):
- 例如： I had hoped to see him.
3.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + had + past participle
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + had + not + past participle
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Had + Subject + past participle?
3.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- before, after, by the time, when, already, never, until, as soon as
4. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)
4.1 用法 (Usage)
- 在过去某个时间之前持续发生的动作，强调动作的持续性 (Actions that continued for a period of time before a specific time in the past):
- 例如： I had been waiting for two hours before the bus arrived.
- 强调过去某个动作的持续性，并对过去某个时间点产生影响 (Emphasizing the duration of an action before a specific time in the past and its impact):
- 例如： He had been working all night, so he was tired.
4.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + had + been + verb + -ing
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + had + not + been + verb + -ing
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Had + Subject + been + verb + -ing?
4.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- for, since, how long, before, until
三、将来时 (Future Tense)
1. 简单将来时 (Simple Future)
1.1 用法 (Usage)
- 预测 (Predictions): 预测未来将会发生的事情。
- 例如： It will rain tomorrow.
- 意愿/决心 (Voluntary actions): 自发地做出决定。
- 例如： I will help you with your homework.
- 承诺/请求/威胁 (Promises/Requests/Threats):
- 例如： I will call you later. (Promise)
1.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + will + base form of verb
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + will not/won't + base form of verb
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Will + Subject + base form of verb?
1.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon, in the future, someday
2. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)
2.1 用法 (Usage)
- 未来某个时间正在进行的动作 (Actions in progress at a specific time in the future):
- 例如： I will be watching TV at 8 pm tomorrow.
- 预测未来某个时间正在进行的动作 (Predicting actions in progress at a specific time in the future):
- 例如： They will be playing football this afternoon.
2.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + will + be + verb + -ing
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + will + not + be + verb + -ing
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Will + Subject + be + verb + -ing?
2.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- at this time tomorrow, tomorrow night, in a week
3. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect)
3.1 用法 (Usage)
- 未来某个时间之前已经完成的动作 (Actions completed before a specific time in the future):
- 例如： I will have finished my homework by 8 pm tonight.
3.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + will + have + past participle
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + will + not + have + past participle
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Will + Subject + have + past participle?
3.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- by, by the time, before
4. 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous)
4.1 用法 (Usage)
- 在未来某个时间之前持续发生的动作，强调动作的持续性 (Actions that will have continued for a period of time before a specific time in the future):
- 例如： I will have been working here for five years by the end of this year.
4.2 结构 (Structure)
- 肯定句 (Affirmative): Subject + will + have + been + verb + -ing
- 否定句 (Negative): Subject + will + not + have + been + verb + -ing
- 疑问句 (Interrogative): Will + Subject + have + been + verb + -ing?
4.3 关键词 (Keywords)
- for, by, by the time, in
四、其他表达未来 (Other Ways to Express the Future)
1. be going to
1.1 用法 (Usage)
- 计划 (Plans): 已经做好的计划。
- 例如： I am going to travel to Europe next year.
- 根据现在的迹象预测未来 (Predictions based on present evidence):
- 例如： Look at those dark clouds. It is going to rain.
2. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
2.1 用法 (Usage)
- 已经安排好的未来计划 (Fixed arrangements in the near future):
- 例如： I am meeting my friend tomorrow. (已经确定了时间地点)
