最全英语语法思维导图
《最全英语语法思维导图》
I. 词法 (Morphology)
A. 词类 (Parts of Speech)
1. 名词 (Nouns)
a. 可数名词 (Countable Nouns)
i. 单数 (Singular)
ii. 复数 (Plural)
- 规则变化 (Regular Plurals): -s, -es
- 不规则变化 (Irregular Plurals): child-children, foot-feet, etc.
b. 不可数名词 (Uncountable Nouns)
i. 液体 (Liquids): water, milk, coffee
ii. 气体 (Gases): air, oxygen
iii. 抽象名词 (Abstract Nouns): advice, information, love
iv. 颗粒状 (Granular): rice, salt, sugar
v. 材料 (Materials): wood, plastic, metal
c. 专有名词 (Proper Nouns): names, places, titles
d. 普通名词 (Common Nouns): book, table, dog
e. 集体名词 (Collective Nouns): team, family, group
2. 动词 (Verbs)
a. 实义动词 (Lexical Verbs)
i. 及物动词 (Transitive Verbs): require an object
ii. 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs): do not require an object
iii. 系动词 (Linking Verbs): be, become, seem, appear
b. 助动词 (Auxiliary Verbs)
i. be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being
ii. have: have, has, had, having
iii. do: do, does, did
c. 情态动词 (Modal Verbs): can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
d. 动词时态 (Verb Tenses)
i. 一般现在时 (Simple Present): habits, facts
ii. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous): actions happening now
iii. 一般过去时 (Simple Past): completed actions in the past
iv. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous): actions in progress in the past
v. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect): actions started in the past and continuing now
vi. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect): actions completed before another past action
vii. 一般将来时 (Simple Future): will, be going to
e. 动词语态 (Voice)
i. 主动语态 (Active Voice)
ii. 被动语态 (Passive Voice)
f. 动词不定式 (Infinitive): to + verb
g. 动名词 (Gerund): verb + -ing
3. 形容词 (Adjectives)
a. 描述性形容词 (Descriptive Adjectives): describe qualities
b. 指示形容词 (Demonstrative Adjectives): this, that, these, those
c. 数量形容词 (Quantitative Adjectives): many, few, some, any
d. 所有格形容词 (Possessive Adjectives): my, your, his, her, its, our, their
e. 疑问形容词 (Interrogative Adjectives): which, what, whose
4. 副词 (Adverbs)
a. 方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner): how an action is done
b. 地点副词 (Adverbs of Place): where an action is done
c. 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time): when an action is done
d. 频率副词 (Adverbs of Frequency): how often an action is done
e. 程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree): to what extent an action is done
f. 连接副词 (Conjunctive Adverbs): however, therefore, furthermore
5. 代词 (Pronouns)
a. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns): I, you, he, she, it, we, they
b. 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns): mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
c. 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns): myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
d. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns): this, that, these, those
e. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns): who, whom, which, what, whose
f. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns): who, whom, which, that, whose
g. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns): some, any, no, every, one, all, few, many
6. 介词 (Prepositions)
a. 时间介词 (Prepositions of Time): at, on, in, before, after, during
b. 地点介词 (Prepositions of Place): at, on, in, above, below, beside, between
c. 方向介词 (Prepositions of Direction): to, from, toward, through, across
7. 连词 (Conjunctions)
a. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions): and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
b. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions): because, although, if, when, while, since, as, that
8. 感叹词 (Interjections): Ouch!, Wow!, Hey!
B. 词的构成 (Word Formation)
1. 派生 (Derivation): adding prefixes or suffixes
- 前缀 (Prefixes): un-, re-, pre-, dis-, etc.
- 后缀 (Suffixes): -ness, -ment, -tion, -able, -ful, -less, etc.
2. 合成 (Compounding): combining two or more words
- 名词+名词 (Noun+Noun): textbook
- 形容词+名词 (Adjective+Noun): blackboard
- 动词+名词 (Verb+Noun): swimming pool
3. 转化 (Conversion): changing the part of speech
- 名词转动词 (Noun to Verb): to email
- 动词转名词 (Verb to Noun): a walk
II. 句法 (Syntax)
A. 句子成分 (Sentence Elements)
1. 主语 (Subject)
2. 谓语 (Predicate)
3. 宾语 (Object)
- 直接宾语 (Direct Object)
- 间接宾语 (Indirect Object)
4. 表语 (Complement)
5. 定语 (Attribute)
6. 状语 (Adverbial)
7. 同位语 (Appositive)
B. 句子类型 (Sentence Types)
1. 简单句 (Simple Sentence): one independent clause
2. 并列句 (Compound Sentence): two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions
3. 复合句 (Complex Sentence): one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses): that, what, whether, if, who, whom, which, when, where, why, how
- 定语从句 (Adjective Clauses): who, whom, which, that, whose
- 状语从句 (Adverbial Clauses): time, place, reason, condition, concession, manner
4. 特殊句型 (Special Sentence Structures)
- 强调句 (Cleft Sentences): It is/was...that/who...
C. 句子结构 (Sentence Structure)
1. 主谓 (Subject-Predicate)
2. 主谓宾 (Subject-Predicate-Object)
3. 主谓宾宾 (Subject-Predicate-Indirect Object-Direct Object)
4. 主谓宾补 (Subject-Predicate-Object-Complement)
5. 主系表 (Subject-Linking Verb-Complement)
D. 一致 (Agreement)
1. 主谓一致 (Subject-Verb Agreement)
2. 代词一致 (Pronoun Agreement)
III. 语用 (Pragmatics)
A. 语气 (Mood)
1. 陈述语气 (Indicative Mood)
2. 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)
3. 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)
B. 强调 (Emphasis)
1. 语序调整 (Word Order)
2. 强调词 (Emphasizing Words): very, really, extremely
IV. 标点符号 (Punctuation)
A. 句号 (.)
B. 逗号 (,)
C. 问号 (?)
D. 感叹号 (!)
E. 冒号 (:)
F. 分号 (;)
G. 引号 (“ ” or ‘ ’)
H. 破折号 (—)
I. 括号 (())
J. 省略号 (…)
